Ethical Leadership and Attitudinal Outcomes with Reference to Tunisian Companies
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of ethics based leadership on employees’ attitudes including job satisfaction and commitment to organization. A quantitative methodology was chosen to test hypotheses and investigate causality between variables. The findings were tested using Smart PLS 3 software. This research confirms the positive association among both ethical leadership and followers’ job satisfaction and commitment.
Downloads
References
Albashabsheh, A., Alhroob, M., Irbihat, B., & Javed, S. (2018). Impact Of Accounting Information System In Reducing Costing In Jordanian Banks. International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 6(7), 210–215. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1336672
Alhroob, M., Irbihat, B., Albashabsheh, A., & Javed, S. (2017). Does Corporate Governance Create Volatility in Performance ? International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research, 4(7), 6859–6866. Retrieved from http://www.ijifr.com/pdfsave/01-04-2017495IJIFR-V4-E7-075.pdf
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurment and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization (pp. 1–18).
Ashman, I. (2006). An investigation of the British organizational commitment scale: A qualitative approach to evaluating constructs validity. Management Research News
Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior. Journal of business ethics, 98(4), 573-582.
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the process of ethical leadership: The mediating role of employee voice and psychological ownership. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 21-34.
Bandura, A. (1977). Managerial Ethical Leadership : Examples Do Matter Author ( s ): Patrick E . Murphy and Georges Enderle Source : Business Ethics Quarterly , Vol . 5 , No . 1 , Ethics and Leadership : The 1990s ( Jan ., 1995 ),. Journal of Business Ethics, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Bashabsheh, A. A. N. (2017). Forecasting employee turnover for human resource based on time series analysis. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(16), 445–456. Retrieved from https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/46037_ch_37_f_-_forecasting.pdf
Brown, B. B. (2003). Employees ’ Organizational Commitment and Their Perception of Supervisors ’ Relations-Oriented and Task-Oriented Leadership Behaviors by Barbara B . Brown Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in.
Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Ethical and Unethical Leadership: Exploring New Avenues for Future Research. Business Ethics Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201020439
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership : A review and future directions, 17, 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after : An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall.
Blau, P.M (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The leadership quarterly, 17(6), 595-616.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134.
Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 583-616.
Brown, B. B. (2003). Employees' organizational commitment and their perceptions of supervisors' relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
Çelİk, S., Dedeoğlu, B. B., & İnanir, A. (2015). Relationship Between Ethical Leadership , Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction at Hotel Organizations. 2, 53–64
Chen, C., & Indartono, S. (2011). Study of commitment antecedents: The dynamic point of view. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(4), 529–541
Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resource management review, 17(3), 336-354.
Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Questioning the domain of the business ethics curriculum. Journal of Business Ethics, 54(4), 357-369
Elçi, M., Şener, İ., Aksoy, S., & Alpkan, L. (2012). The impact of ethical leadership and leadership effectiveness on employees’ turnover intention: The mediating role of work related stress. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 289-297
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50
Ghahroodi, H. K., Mohd, M. Z. B. T. S., & Seyedghorban, Z. (2013). Examining ethical leadership and its impacts on the followers' behavioral outcomes. Asian Social Science, 9(3),
-96.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Husain, U., & Javed, S. (2019a). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Indian Economy : A Quantitative Research Perspective from 1980 to 2016. Industrial Engineering & Management, 8(2), 2–5. Retrieved from https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/impact-of-climate-change-on-agriculture-and-indian-economy-a-quantitative-research-perspective-from-1980-to-2016.pdf
Husain, U., & Javed, S. (2019b). Stock Price Movement And Volatility In Muscat Security Market ( MSM ). International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 7(February), 68–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2580535
Javed, S. (2017). Unified Theory Of Acceptance And Use Of Technology (UTAUT) Model-Mobile Banking. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 22(3), 1–20. Retrieved from https://www.icommercecentral.com/open-access/unified-theory-of-acceptance-and-use-of-technology-utaut-modelmobile-banking.php?aid=86597
Javed, S. (2018). Does Organisation Behaviour Affect Performance Of Auditing Firms? International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 5(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1171842
Javed, S., Aldalaien, B. A., Husain, U., & Khan, M. S. (2019). Impact of Federal Funds Rate on Monthly Stocks Return of United States of America. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(9), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n9p105
Javed, S., Atallah, B., Aldalaien, E., & Husain, U. (2019). Performance of Venture Capital Firms in UK : Quantitative Research Approach of 20 UK Venture Capitals. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 27(5), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2019.432.438
Javed, S., & Husain, O. (2020). An ARDL investigation on the nexus of oil factors and economic growth : A timeseries evidence from Sultanate of Oman. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 0–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1838418
Javed, S., Husain, U., & Ali, S. (2020). Relevancy of Investment Decisions And Consumption With Asset Pricing : GMM And CCAPM Model Approach. International Journal of Management, 11(8), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.8.2020.002
Javed, S., & Khan, A. A. (2017). Analysing Parsimonious Model of OL and OE Using SEM Technique. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(22), 685–712. Retrieved from https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/53799_sarfarz_and_azeem.pdf
Javed, S., Khan, M. S., & Farooqi, A. R. (2020). Impact Of Population, Trade Openess, Education, Life Expectancy And Gross Capital Formation On The Economy Of Indian Sub-Continent. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(06), 8034–8044. https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I6/PR260811
Javed, S., Malik, A., & Alharbi, M. M. H. (2020). The relevance of leadership styles and Islamic work ethics in managerial effectiveness. PSU Research Review, 4(3), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/prr-03-2019-0007
Joseph F Hair, J., Hult, G. T. M., Michigan, Ringle, C. M., Hamburg, & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Second Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Khan, A. A., & Javed, S. (2017a). A study of volatility behaviour of S & P BSE BANKEX return in India : A pragmatic approach using GARCH model. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 4(4), 127–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2017.04.018
Khan, A. A., & Javed, S. (2017b). Accounting of post merger financial performance of Punjab National Bank (PNB) and Nedungadi Bank. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(11), 1043–1062. Retrieved from http://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJMET/VOLUME_8_ISSUE_11/IJMET_08_11_107.pdf
Khan, A., Baseer, S., & Javed, S. (2017). Perception of students on usage of mobile data by K-mean clustering algorithm. International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES, 4(2), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2017.02.003
Khan, A., & Javed, S. (2016). Determining Factors Responsible in Shifting Consumption of Mobile Data (2G to 3G). International Journal of Computer Applications, 155(14), 30–33. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016912452
Kalshoven, K., Hartog, D. N. Den, & Hoogh, A. H. B. De. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire ( ELW ): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 51–69.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research. Pearson Custom.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1293-1349). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Malik, A., Khan, N., Faisal, S., Javed, S., & Faridi, M. rashad. (2020). An Investigation On Leadership Styles For The Business Productivity And Sustainability Of Small Medium Enterprises (SME’S). International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24(5), 1–10. Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/an-investigation-on-leadership-styles-for-the-business-productivity-and-sustainability-of-small-medium-enterprises-smes-9845.html
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resource management review, 1(1), 61-89
Mize, K. J., Stanforth, N., & Johnson, C. (2000). Perceptions of retail supervisors' ethical behavior and front-line managers' organizational commitment. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 18(2), 100-110.
Mowday, R., Porter, L. & Steers, R. (1982). The psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York, NY: Academy Press
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 14, 247, 224–247
Naqvi, S. A. H., Hashmi, M. A., Raza, S. A., Zeeshan, A., & Shaikh, F. M. (2011). Impact of supportive leadership and organizational learning culture as a moderator on the relationship of psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(8), 65.
Neubert, Mitchell J., Dawn S. Carlson, K. Michele Kacmar, James A. Roberts, & Lawrence B. Chonko (2009). The virtuous influence of ethical leadership behaviour: evidence from the field. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, 157–170
Nwadei, A. C. (2004). The Relationship Between Perceived Values Congruence and Organizational Commitment in Multinational Organization. Universal-Publishers.
Ponnu, C. H., & Tennakoon, G. (2009). The association between ethical leadership and employee outcomes-the Malaysian case. EJBO-Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies.
Randall, D. M., & Gibson, A. M. (1990). Methodology in business ethics research: A review and critical assessment. Journal of business ethics, 9(6), 457-471.
Ruiz‐Palomino, P., Ruiz‐Amaya, C., & Knörr, H. (2011). Employee organizational citizenship behaviour: The direct and indirect impact of ethical leadership. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 28(3), 244-258
Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P.H. and Cammann, C. (1982), Observing and Measuring Organizational Change: A Guide to Field Practice, Wiley, New York, NY
Staw, B.M. (1977), “Two sides of commitment,” Paper presented at the national Meeting of the Academy of Management, Orlando, Florida, 1977.
Toor, S. ur R., & Ofori, G. (2009). Ethical leadership: Examining the relationships with full range leadership model, employee outcomes, and organizational culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(4), 533–547.
Valentine, S., Greller, M. M., & Richtermeyer, S. B. (2006). Employee job response as a function of ethical context and perceived organization support B. 59, 582–588.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171
Mize, K. J. (2017). Perceptions of Retail and Front-line Supervisors ’ Ethical Behavior Managers ’ Organizational Commitment, (March 2000). https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X0001800204
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 14, 247, 224–247.
Nwadei, A. C. (2004). The Relationship Between Perceived Values Congruence and Organizational Commitment in a Multinational Organization by Anthony Chiedu Nwadei.
Ponnu, C. H., & Tennakoon, G. (2009). The Association Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Outcomes – the Malaysian Case, 14(1).
Rutskiy, V., Javed, S., Azizam, S. H., Chudopal, N., Zhigalov, K., Kuzmich, R., & Pupkov, A. (2020). The Price Determinants of Bitcoin as a New Digital Form of Money. (R. Silhavy, P. Silhavy, & Z. Prokopova, Eds.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63322-6
Valentine, S., Greller, M. M., & Richtermeyer, S. B. (2006). Employee job response as a function of ethical context and perceived organization support B, 59, 582–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.06.004
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2009). Research in Media Effects Mass Media Research : An Introduction , 9 the Edition, (October), 1–42.
Copyright (c) 2020 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
